1. INTRODUCTION
- Since Gregory VII, the papacy
achieved a dizzying and untenable height with Innocent III.
- In
Germany, Henry VI died leaving his two-year old son Frederick II as heir. There
was a struggle in the succession which reinforced the primatial position of the
papacy in the whole Western Church.
- All
that the Gregorian reform had striven for and Gregory VII had demanded in his
Dictatus Papae (1075) was realized under Innocent III.
KEY CONCEPTS OF PAPACY AS ZENITH OF
POWER
- PLENITUDO
POTESTATIS: The Pope fully
possessed the plenitudo potestatis (plenitude of power) as he is the
supreme legislator, judge, and administrator and exercise this sovereign
assurance over the whole Church in so far the universal to fulfill their
mission and the mission of Christ to be fulfilled.
- IMPERIUM
ROMANUM: The Imperium Romanum
is the idea of papal world domination deeply rooted not just in the religious
and political thought of the age but stemmed from the Christian responsibility
which a reformed papacy felt for Western Christianity. Nothing political, Germany
still has its own king and not lose independence. It is focused on the
universality of mankind, the ideal of common value with common destiny.
- CHRISTIANITAS/
POPULUS CHRISTIANUS: The Christianitas/
Populus Christianus is the global unity of the people who share the same
faith. It is supernatural and therefore the supranational community of all
Christians. The real ruler is Jesus
Christ who is represented by the two lights: the Pope (sun) and the Emperor
(moon) in governing Christendom.
- CAPUT
CHRISTIANITATIS: The Pope is the caput
Christianitatis because he is the head and guide of the western world
which, though consisting of many people, was united in the same faith.
- IMPERATOR: The Supreme Judge. It is meant here without
any political connotation.
- VICARIUS
CHRISTI: a more theological title
which means the administration of the papal office solely in the knowledge of
his responsibility to God.
2. INNOCENT III (1198-1216)
- Lothar Segni was born in 1160.
- He studied Theology and canon law in Paris
and Bologna.
- He
became a member of the college of cardinals during the papacy of his uncle
Clement III (1187-1191)
HIERARCHIA
- Innocent
III showed a great openness to all the problems of an age which was filled with
cultural, political, social, and religious tensions and contrasts.
- Through
internal consistency and strength he forced the many diverse tendencies to
conform to a uniform principle of order which, in light of the time, could only
be papal order.
- If
Innocent interfered with secular matters, he did so out of responsibility and
the conviction that all things in the world must submit to God’s Order, and
that even kings and princes were subject to God’s judgment.
- The
world appeared to Innocent III as Hierarchia which means holy order/
arrangement. Everything is arranged by God. Everything is established in
beautiful arrangement; the fine distinction between purely political and purely
spiritual, between Church and State, had not been so refined that overlapping
and infringement could be avoided.
RATIONE PECCATI
- The
pope always felt justified and even obligated to intervene whenever order was
disturbed through moral guilt or objective injustice.
ARBITER MUNDI
- Thus
as caput Christianitatis he must be an arbiter mundi meaning any
difficult questions may be referred to him.
DOUBLE
ELECTION OF 1198
-
Because the Pope
is the arbiter mundi, he intervened with the German struggle for the
throne after the double election of 1198.
-
He did not claim
approbation of election itself but merely the judgment of moral qualities of
the candidates.
-
But when Philipp
of Swabia turned out to be a moderate man and gave guarantees with respect to
his Sicilian policy after victory over anti-king Otto IV à Pope concluded peace with him.
-
In 1208, Philipp
was assassinated and Otto won recognition in the empire à the pope crown him unhesitantly as emperor in 1209.
-
The pope was
disappointed because Otto did not keep his word and in 1210 he upholds the
Staufic Sicilian policy
-
Innocent III now
disputed Otto’s right to the crown and set against him the now adult Frederick
II who sworn not to attempt to unite Sicily with the German crown.
IMPLICATION
OF THE SICILIAN POLICY TO THE PAPACY
-
It is not a
purely territorial one but affects the whole Church and therefore universal.
-
The unification
of Sicily with the German empire will make the Pope as subordinate imperial bishop
and would have taken from the Pope the independence from the universal empire.
-
The Western
dualism will be lost.
-
Innocent III
believed that the papacy could only fulfill its universal function if there is
independence and sovereignty of the Church State.
INNOCENT
III’S CONCEPT OF THE PROPER STRUCTURE OF THE EUROPEAN WORLD
-
The state should
be combined in a higher order under papa leadership since the spiritual is
superior to the secular.
-
Hence, idea of a
papal liege lordship over the Christian people of the West
-
No question on
the establishment of hierocracy
-
The Christianitas
headed by the Pope was not to be a state; it was not at all a real societas,
but the relationship the relation of the Papacy and the Christian world which
is appropriate to the age.
-
Therefore, the
sovereignty of the secular rulers remain and the papal claim to leadership was only
an indirect character.
-
Papal leadership merely demanded the acknowledgment
of the Supreme norms of the Christian faith and of the moral authority of the
papacy. So, dualism was preserved.
-
Papal liege
lordship was started in the contested Italy.
-
Empress Constance,
Kings of Denmark, England, Aragon, Dalmatia, Portugal, Poland, Bohemia, Hungary
and other smaller territories accepted their countries from the Pope as fiefs.
-
The preservation
of law and peace, the traditional duties of the emperor, passed to the papacy
and a papal system of vassalage developed which was constructed entirely on the
strong moral authority of the Pope.
-
Papal Primacy: papal
intervention in Episcopal elections and reserve the causae maiores for
the Curia in Rome.
-
(+) reform in
papal administrative offices, of monasticism and of the clergy à good order
INQUISITION
-
The pope put
unworthy prelates and bishops before the inquisitional court.
-
At first, he is
mild and lenient but upon the death of Cistercian Peter Castelnou, his papa
legate, in Jan 1208 by the Cathari in Southern France à crusade of 1209
à papal legate Arnaldus
Amalrici and Count Simon of Montfort were to blame for the bloodshed.
INNOCENT
III ON THE POVERTY MOVEMENT
-
1201 – he gave his special concern to the Lombardic
Humiliati
-
1208 – he founded the Alliance of Poor Catholics
-
1209/1210 – kind
reception to St. Francis of Assisi who requested for papal authorization.
-
Innocent III
distance from wealth and never felt its addiction.
FOURTH
LATERAN COUNCIL (November 1215): PEAK OF INNOCENT III’S PONTIFICATE
-
Attended by 500
bishops and 800 abbots
-
Definition of the
doctrine of transubstantiation, ordinances regarding obligatory annual
confession, and communion at Easter.
-
Innocent died
soon after the council in July 16, 1216 and his successors did not maintain the
high ideals of a Universal Church.
3. THE LAST BATTLE BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND THE
EMPIRE
FREDERICK
II
-
Frederick II revived the question on the precedence of the
State or the Church
-
Frederick II
revived the Staufic policy over Sicily instead of going to the crusade as he
promised à threat to the Pal States à Gregory IX excommunicated him in 1228
-
While under the
ban, he went to the crusade and successfully obtain the cession of the Holy
land to the Christians by treaties with Sultan Al Kamil.
-
1230 – Gregory IX
lifted the ban
-
1239 - He was excommunicated
again for his revival of the Staufic policy.
-
1241 – His goal
was to capture Rome and make it the seat of his universal empire à reducing the Pope into a mere imperial episcopate.
-
His death created
distuirbed peace in germany because of elections and counter-elections.
INNOCENT
IV (1243-1254) AND THE STAUFIC POLICY (Again!)
-
Innocent died
soon after the council in July 16, 1216 and his successors did not maintain the
high ideals of a Universal Church.
-
First Council of Lyons
– excommunicated Frederick II once more.
-
To escape the
danger of the Staufic policy, he transferred lower Italy, Sicily and Naples as
papal fiefs to Charles of Anjou.
-
After Fredrick
II’s death, Conrad IV (1250-1254) fought for the Staufic heritage
-
After Conrad IV’s
death, Manfred, his half brother, retains the crown to his 2 year-old son,
Conradin
-
After Manfred’s
death (1266), Conradin set out in 1267 to regain Lower Italy but he was
beheaded by Charles of Anjou in 1268.
-
Imperial power
comes to a cruel destruction.
-
The Papacy also
declines as it can’t maintain its Universal position because of the rising
national states and dissolution of the western community.
-
France now became
the strongest power.
4. BONIFACE VIII (1294-1303)
-
Pope of the
Jubilee; He is the last Medieval Pope
-
He dreams of a
universal theocratic western state under papal leadership
-
Now that France
is the strongest power, Philip the Fair (1285-1314) will be his enemy
because he also dreams of French world domination.
UNAM
SANCTAM (1302) [10 points]
-
Relied on the
doctrine of the two-swords and declared obedience to the pope is a necessity
for salvation.
-
It asserts the
supremacy of the papacy and and the universal rule of Papacy over State.
THE
FALL OF BONIFACE VIII AND THE PAPACY
-
Pope was arrested
in the papal palace of Anagni in September 1303
-
The sacrilege of
the family of Sciarra Colonna in the Palace of Anagni, where the Pope was
spitted on, insulted and seriously beaten by the followers of the Colonnas with
the approval of the powerful French William of Nogaretà symbol of rebellion of the New Age against the Middle
ages:
a.
rising laicism
and secularism against ecclesiasticism
b.
triumph of
absolutistic nationalism over universal Christian spirit
-
The citizens of
Anagni liberated the Pope after 2 days.
-
After few weeks,
Boniface VIII died.
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